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1. Antimicrobial Activity: LL-37 is known for its potent antimicrobial properties. It has been extensively studied for its ability to combat various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
   • Reference: Nizet V, et al. (2001). Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection. Nature, 414(6862), 454-457.
2. Immunomodulation: LL-37 exhibits immunomodulatory functions, influencing various aspects of the immune response. Studies have explored its role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune systems.
   • Reference: Lande R, et al. (2007). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature, 449(7162), 564-569.
3. Wound Healing: LL-37 has been investigated for its role in wound healing and tissue repair. Research aims to understand its potential in promoting tissue regeneration and reducing inflammation at wound sites.
   • Reference: Koczulla R, et al. (2003). An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111(11), 1665-1672.
4. Inflammatory Conditions: Studies have explored the relationship between LL-37 and inflammatory disorders, such as psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Its ability to modulate inflammation and regulate immune responses is a key focus.
   • Reference: Lande R, et al. (2007). The antimicrobial peptide LL37 is a T-cell autoantigen in psoriasis. Nature Communications, 5, 5621.
5. Cancer: Some research has examined LL-37’s potential involvement in cancer biology, particularly in terms of its impact on the tumor microenvironment and immune responses against cancer cells.
   • Reference: Band V, et al. (2016). Cathelicidin LL-37 improves response to immunotherapy in preclinical breast cancer models. Oncoimmunology, 5(6), e1151592.
6. Antiviral Properties: LL-37’s antimicrobial properties extend to antiviral activity. Studies have explored its effectiveness against various viruses, including HIV and respiratory viruses.
   • Reference: Dürr UH, et al. (2006). The human host defense peptide LL-37 reveals gastric cancer cells as a unique target for necrotic cell death. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(30), 22085-22095.